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The LibraryODERSA publishing house
An ODERSA resource · Knowledge programmeA book only goes online once it is whole and read by someone else.

Chapter 17 of 17 · Conjugating French Without Hesitating

Sources

The documents this workbook rests on, with their address and the date on which each was consulted for this edition.

Why a workbook cites its sources

A conjugation workbook could do without a bibliography: the forms of French are nobody's opinion. Two things, all the same, call for one. The terminology first: the words used here to talk about the language, radical, terminaison, marque de temps, temps simple and temps composé, are those of an official document, and the reader has the right to know which one in order to find the same words elsewhere.

The building of the exercise sets next. This workbook mixes its exercises, places its worked answers at the end of the volume and brings old skills back at regular intervals. Those choices are not a publisher's habits: they rest on public work, whose references are here, and the reader can dispute them once they have been read.

Each entry carries the date on which the page was opened for this edition. An address that no longer answers can be reported to the address given in the caveat of the volume.

The language: terminology, rules and usage

The documents that fix the grammatical vocabulary used here and the agreement rules that are quoted.

  1. La grammaire du français. Terminologie grammaticale: the official document that fixes the reference vocabulary of grammar. This workbook owes it the definitions of the radical, of the désinence, of the marks of tense and of person, the distinction between temps simples and temps composés, and the glossary entry that reports the traditional sorting of verbs into three groupsMinistère de l'Éducation nationale, portail Éduscol · public document, freely readable and downloadable · accessed on August 9, 2026eduscol.education.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/document/guide-la-grammaire-du-francais-terminologie-grammaticale-67998.pdf
  2. Synthèse des règles d'accord du participe passé employé avec être: the rule quoted, in English translation, in the chapter on the passé composé (the perfect tense)Office québécois de la langue française, Banque de dépannage linguistique · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/24222/la-grammaire/le-verbe/accord-du-participe-passe/avec-lauxiliaire-etre/synthese-des-regles-daccord-du-participe-passe-employe-avec-etre
  3. Synthèse des règles d'accord du participe passé employé avec avoir: the rule that fixes the scope this workbook sets aside, the agreement with a direct object placed before the verbOffice québécois de la langue française, Banque de dépannage linguistique · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/24221/la-grammaire/le-verbe/accord-du-participe-passe/avec-lauxiliaire-avoir/synthese-des-regles-daccord-du-participe-passe-employe-avec-avoir
  4. Généralités sur l'imparfait: the description of what the imparfait (the imperfect) says about time, quoted in English translation in the chapter that installs itOffice québécois de la langue française, Banque de dépannage linguistique · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/24196/la-grammaire/le-verbe/temps-grammaticaux/passe/generalites-sur-limparfait

The building of the sets: what justifies the shape of this workbook

The public work on which the mixing of the exercises, the regular return of old skills and the placing of the worked answers at the end of the volume are based.

  1. Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning: the practice guide that recommends spacing revision out over time and regularly bringing back older content. It notes itself that most textbooks offer only sets bearing on what has just been taught, and it says it hopes publishers will end up taking account of thisInstitute of Education Sciences, United States Department of Education · public domain · accessed on August 9, 2026ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/Docs/PracticeGuide/20072004.pdf
  2. Interleaved Practice Improves Mathematics Learning: the study that measures the gap between a set in which every exercise is of the same kind and a mixed set. It illustrates by an example the share of review exercises a set can carry, without prescribing any proportion, and it explains why a uniform set gets filled in without the questions being readJournal of Educational Psychology, full text deposited on ERIC · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED557355.pdf
  3. Improving Students' Learning With Effective Learning Techniques: the review that ranks learning techniques by measured usefulness, and that puts testing yourself and spacing your work in first place. It reproaches textbooks for grouping the exercises of one topic together instead of spreading them outPsychological Science in the Public Interest, copy deposited by the Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau · journal article, open consultation at this address · accessed on August 9, 2026www.whz.de/fileadmin/lehre/hochschuldidaktik/docs/dunloskiimprovingstudentlearning.pdf
  4. Why can't I find the answer to some questions online or in a solutions manual? How a publisher of open textbooks handles the question of worked answers: it publishes the answers to only some of the exercises, on the recommendation of a community of teachers, so that the teacher keeps control of what the pupil can check alone. This house has made another choice, that of giving everything but giving it elsewhere, and it says so here rather than shelter behind a precedentOpenStax, Rice University · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026help.openstax.org/s/article/Why-can-t-I-find-answer-to-some-questions-online-or-in-a-solutions-manual

The school systems named in the appendix of matches

The sources of the two tables that place this volume: they give the class names and the age of entry, never an equivalence between countries. The calculation that leads from the age of entry to the age of a given year is written in the appendix itself, and it can be done again.

  1. Code de l'éducation, article D311-10: the regulatory text that names the cycles and the classes of French elementary school, in fullLégifrance, Direction de l'information légale et administrative · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGIARTI000027760346
  2. Organisation de l'enseignement primaire en France: the sheet that gives the age of each of the five years of French elementary school, the only source in this appendix that publishes the age year by yearEuropean Commission, Eurydice network · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/eurypedia/france/organisation-primary-education
  3. Les indicateurs de l'enseignement, twentieth edition: the yearly publication that gives the length of primary schooling, the theoretical ages year by year and the definition of age used by the school statistics of the Fédération Wallonie-BruxellesFédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, administration générale de l'enseignement · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026www.enseignement.be/fileadmin/portail_age/uploads/Systeme_educatif/Chiffres-cles/Indicateurs/indicateurs-enseignement_2025.pdf
  4. Organisation et déroulement de la scolarité obligatoire, deuxième cycle: the cantonal page that gives the length of the cycle and the age bracket of eight to twelve, in the numbering shared across French-speaking Switzerland. The notation in force in the canton of Vaud is given by the corresponding Vaud pageÉtat de Fribourg, Direction de la formation et des affaires culturelles · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026www.fr.ch/formation-et-ecoles/scolarite-obligatoire/ecole-obligatoire-organisation-et-deroulement-cycle-2
  5. Déroulement de l'école obligatoire dans le canton de Vaud: the page that writes the numbering as 1P to 8P then 9S to 11S, and that gives the same age brackets as the canton of FribourgÉtat de Vaud, département de l'enseignement et de la formation professionnelle · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026www.vd.ch/formation/enseignement-obligatoire-et-pedagogie-specialisee/deroulement-de-lecole-obligatoire-dans-le-canton-de-vaud
  6. Obligation de fréquentation scolaire: the ministerial leaflet that cites the article of the teaching regulations setting admission to primary education at six, and the education actMinistère de l'Éducation, gouvernement du Québec · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/adm/min/education/publications-adm/education/feuillet_frequentation-scolaire.pdf
  7. Régime pédagogique de l'éducation préscolaire, de l'enseignement primaire et de l'enseignement secondaire, articles 15 and 22: the regulatory text that organises primary education into three cycles of two years, and whose table of subjects names the years of each cycleÉditeur officiel du Québec, LégisQuébec · free and open consultation · accessed on August 10, 2026www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/document/rc/I-13.3,%20r.%208
  8. Programme élémentaire: the ministerial page that names one by one the six years of Senegalese elementary education, the first of which has no counterpart elsewhere, and that gives the bracket of seven to twelveMinistère de l'Éducation nationale du Sénégal · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026www.education.sn/pages/elementaire
  9. Plan sectoriel de l'éducation et de la formation: the document that names one by one the six years of Burkinabe primary education, spells out each abbreviation in full, and gives entry at sixMinistères en charge de l'éducation du Burkina Faso · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026www.gpekix.org/sites/default/files/Media%20Document/PSEF-Burkina%20faso%202017-2030.docx.pdf
  10. Enseignement: the ministerial page that names in full the six levels of the Ivorian primary cycle, in the same order as Burkina Faso, and that gives entry at sixMinistère de l'Éducation nationale et de l'Alphabétisation de Côte d'Ivoire · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026www.education.gouv.ci/index.php/Reseaux/enseignement
  11. Bref aperçu de l'enseignement primaire et secondaire au Togo: the note that gives the length of six years for Togolese primary education and its bracket of six to eleven. It does not name the classes one by one: their names come from the two documents above, which use the same nomenclatureMinistère des Enseignements primaire et secondaire du Togo, direction de la planification · free and open consultation · accessed on August 9, 2026planifeducation.gouv.tg/dpsse/2025/10/14/bref-apercu-de-lenseignement-primaire-et-secondaire-au-togo

None of these sources has been cited from memory: every page was opened on the date given, and the sentences quoted in this workbook are copied from the page itself, then rendered into English by ODERSA. The French originals stand in the French edition of this volume. Two points are given exactly as the sources leave them: the Senegalese ministry writes seven to twelve for its elementary education where the international surveys record entry at six, and no Quebec source that was opened publishes an age year by year.